'Smart contact lens' hailed next big leap in testing eye infections

Scientists have developed a pioneering 'smart contact lens' to test for eye infections in a quick, non-invasive way.

It is hoped the test could eventually be available to use at home and has been hailed the "next big leap" in the global fight against preventable blindness.

It could even prevent deaths caused by fungal eye infections in developing countries.

Professor of Chemistry at the University of Bradford, Stephen Rimmer, said: "We have produced a smart hydrogel which can detect two types of bacteria and fungus. This device is made from materials that are similar to those used to make contact lenses, which would be safely applied to the eye. The microorganisms get stuck to the material and can then be analysed."

Currently, detecting which bacteria or fungus is present in an eye infection is an invasive process in which a tissue sample of the patient's eye is taken under anaesthetic. The sample is then cultured, which can take two days, before being studied under a microscope.

Professor Rimmer's test would involve the patient wearing the special lens for an hour, with the results determined soon afterwards. It's hoped the test could eventually be available to the general public, both in the UK and internationally.

He said: "The current method is not a nice procedure and it takes time. We are working on how we can produce a visible colour change on the lens to show which bacteria or fungus is present. This could then be photographed with a mobile phone and uploaded to a website for an expert to analyse. The expert could then determine whether the patient needs antibiotics or if they require further investigation. Our goal is that someone on the street could do it with no training at all."

Initial tests in the lab have yielded positive results and human trials will be carried out once further funding is secured.

Critical work in India

The test could be vital in developing, tropical countries, where infections are often detected too late to save a person's eye.

A World Health Organisation report last month revealed invasive fungal diseases are rising globally, particularly among those with underlying health problems or a weakened immune system, yet there is very little research on them. It also reported an associated link with the COVID-19 pandemic and increased fungal infections: aspergillosis, mucormycosis and candidaemia, as well as evidence that the incidence and geographical range of fungal infections are expanding globally due to climate change.

In India, there has been a rise in deaths from mucormycosis, or "black fungus." At particular risk are diabetics and those who have been treated for Covid-19 with steroids, with research showing almost a 50 per cent mortality rate in those patients. Doctors believe the steroids lower a patient's immunity and push up blood sugar levels, allowing the fungus to thrive.

• Professor Rimmer, who is working with the world-leading L V Prasad Eye Institute, based in Hyderabad, India, as well as Dr Tom Swift, lecturer in polymer chemistry at the University of Bradford, said: "We are talking to UK-based ophthalmologists as well, but the really critical work is in India and other tropical, developing countries where eye infections can take hold easily and prove catastrophic. A lot of eyes are lost in India because a person tends to present with symptoms when it's too late. The loss of an eye is traumatic anywhere in the world, but it can be debilitating in India if it means that person can no longer work. We know our method works in the lab. What we want to do now is make it so someone can use it in a rural clinic in India."
• Dr Prashant Garg, Executive Chair, L V Prasad Eye Institute, said: "Eye infections - microbial keratitis - are a major cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide, and more so in India. Timely and correct diagnosis can facilitate timely initiation of therapy with appropriate drugs and thereby limit vision loss from these disorders. The currently practised diagnosis method is invasive, time consuming and expensive. The 'smart contact lens' technology could be the next big leap in treatment of eye infections and our collective goal to eliminate avoidable blindness."
• Dr Joey Shepherd, Senior Lecturer in Microbiology at the University of Sheffield's School of Clinical Dentistry, who is also working on the project, said: "This is vital work that could save the sight of many people worldwide, by swiftly and accurately diagnosing the infection in a much more comfortable way than is currently used.
• Professor Rimmer's project has received funding from a wide range of funding agencies, including the UKRI (EPSRC, BBSRC, MRC), Ministry of Defence, Innovate UK, Grow MedTech and Smith & Nephew.
• The next step is to produce a second generation prototype that can easily be used without the need for laboratory facilities. The team is also using the device as an advanced way of providing samples to laboratories for sequencing of microbes' DNA.